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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that affects individuals across all age groups, from young children to the elderly. Although it was only discovered relatively recently, around 2001, it has already been reported as a common cause of respiratory infections worldwide. Because its symptoms resemble those of RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) or influenza, it can often be confused with these conditions. Understanding the characteristics of HMPV is essential for accurate diagnosis and management.
1. What is HMPV?
1) Background of Discovery
Identification
HMPV was first identified in 2001 by a Dutch research team who isolated the virus from respiratory infections in children. Previously, many cases showing symptoms similar to RSV had gone unexplained until this discovery provided clarity.Global Prevalence
Today, HMPV is widespread globally, and most people are estimated to have been exposed to it at least once or twice during childhood.
2) Modes of Transmission
Respiratory Droplets
HMPV primarily spreads through respiratory secretions, such as droplets from coughing or sneezing. Its transmissibility is relatively high, making it easy to spread in shared environments like daycare centers, schools, or workplaces.Indirect Transmission
Similar to RSV and influenza, HMPV can also be transmitted indirectly when hands or surfaces contaminated with the virus come into contact with the nose or mouth.
2. Causes of HMPV Infection
1) Infection via Respiratory Contact
The virus is transmitted through aerosols or droplets from infected individuals. These particles enter the nose or throat, initiating infection—similar to other respiratory viruses.
2) Weakened Immunity
Seasonal Outbreaks
HMPV tends to circulate during the winter and spring seasons. People with weakened immune systems, such as infants, the elderly, or those with chronic conditions like heart or lung disease, are at higher risk.Concurrent Outbreaks with Other Viruses
HMPV often circulates alongside other respiratory viruses, such as RSV, coronaviruses, or influenza. In medical settings, PCR testing is frequently used to screen for multiple viruses simultaneously.
3. Symptoms of HMPV Infection
1) Infants and Young Children
Initial Symptoms
Symptoms typically begin with upper respiratory signs such as coughing, runny nose, and nasal congestion.Severe Cases
These symptoms may progress to rapid breathing, bronchitis, or bronchiolitis. In severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia, necessitating hospitalization.Additional Signs
Fever, reduced appetite, and irritability are common, resembling general cold symptoms. Some children may exhibit wheezing or significant difficulty breathing, requiring close attention.
2) Adults and Adolescents
Mild Symptoms in Healthy Adults
Most healthy adults experience mild cold-like symptoms, including sore throat, nasal congestion, and low-grade fever. Symptoms typically resolve within one to two weeks.Severe Risk in Immunocompromised Individuals
People with severely weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients or those undergoing chemotherapy, are at higher risk for complications like pneumonia or respiratory failure.
3) Elderly Individuals
- Increased Risk of Complications
Older adults are more likely to experience severe illness. Those with underlying conditions such as heart failure or COPD are particularly vulnerable to respiratory complications.
4. Diagnosis and Treatment
1) Diagnosis
- Testing Methods
Doctors collect respiratory secretions from patients and use PCR testing to confirm HMPV. Comprehensive viral panel tests may also be conducted to differentiate it from other respiratory viruses.
2) Treatment
Symptomatic Management
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Most cases are managed with symptomatic care, including cough suppressants, fever reducers, and supplemental oxygen for severe cases. Antibiotics are only used if secondary bacterial infections are suspected.Self-Care
Mild cases often improve with adequate hydration, rest, and nutritional support. However, if symptoms like prolonged high fever or difficulty breathing occur, or if the patient is elderly or has underlying conditions, medical attention is essential.
5. Prevention and Precautions
1) Hand Hygiene and Personal Cleanliness
- Regularly wash hands with soap for at least 30 seconds, especially after going outside, before eating, and after using the restroom.
2) Mask Usage and Cough Etiquette
- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or sleeve when coughing to prevent spreading the virus. Wearing a mask can also help reduce transmission to others.
3) Strengthening Immunity
- Maintain good immunity through adequate rest, a balanced diet, and regular exercise to lower the risk of infection.
4) Protecting High-Risk Groups
- When interacting with vulnerable individuals, such as infants, the elderly, or those with chronic illnesses, take extra care to practice proper hygiene and wear a mask to reduce exposure.
Conclusion
HMPV is a respiratory virus that can pose significant risks to young children and immunocompromised individuals. While its symptoms often resemble those of a common cold—cough, runny nose, and fever—it can progress to conditions like bronchiolitis or pneumonia, especially in severe cases.
Most healthy adults and children recover with mild symptoms and symptomatic care. However, given its high transmissibility, particularly in winter and spring or in crowded facilities, basic preventive measures such as handwashing, cough etiquette, and mask use are crucial. For high-risk groups, any serious signs like difficulty breathing or prolonged fever warrant prompt medical attention.
Since no specific antiviral treatment exists, prevention remains the best strategy, with rest and hydration being essential during illness. By staying vigilant, particularly during seasonal outbreaks, the risks of HMPV infection can be effectively minimized.